Common Prenatal Infections and How to Prevent Them

Pregnancy is a time of excitement and anticipation, but it’s also important to be aware of potential health risks, like prenatal infections. Certain infections can be passed from mother to baby, leading to complications such as preterm birth, developmental issues, or serious illness. The good news is that many of these infections can be prevented with proper screening, hygiene, and prenatal care! Here’s what you need to know about common prenatal infections, their risks, and how to prevent them to protect yourself and your baby.

What is a prenatal infection?

A prenatal infection occurs when germs cause illness that impacts the pregnant individual, the unborn baby, or the newborn after delivery. Germs can reach the womb in two main ways: through the vagina and cervix by traveling upward or through the placenta via the maternal bloodstream. It is important to stay informed and proactive to protect yourself and your baby. Discuss risks with your healthcare provider throughout your prenatal care.

Common Prenatal Infections

Here are some common infections that can affect pregnancy and ways to prevent each of them:

1. Group B Strep (GBS)

• • GBS is a bacterial infection found in the digestive and reproductive tracts.
  • About 25% of pregnant women carry GBS without symptoms. 
  • If passed to the baby during delivery, it can lead to severe infections like pneumonia or meningitis. 
• Prevention: Pregnant individuals are routinely tested for GBS at 36-37 weeks. If positive, antibiotics are given during labor to prevent transmission.

2. Chlamydia & Gonorrhea

• • These are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that often have no symptoms.
  • Untreated infections can lead to complications such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and newborn eye infections.
• Prevention: Routine STI screening in early pregnancy and treatment with antibiotics if needed. Using protection during intercourse can also lower the risk. 

3. Zika Virus

• • Zika virus is transmitted through mosquito bites and sexual contact.
  • If contracted during pregnancy, Zika can cause severe birth defects like microcephaly, a condition affecting brain development.
• Prevention: Avoid travel to areas with Zika outbreaks, use insect repellent, wear long-sleeved clothing, and practice safe sex if a partner has been exposed. 

4. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

• • CMV is a common virus that spreads through bodily fluids, often with mild or no symptoms in adults.
  • If passed to a baby during pregnancy, it can cause hearing loss, vision problems, and developmental delays.
• Prevention: Avoid sharing foods, drinks, or utensils, wash hands frequently, especially after changing diapers, and practice good hygiene.

5. Fifth Disease (Parvovirus B19)

• • Fifth disease is a viral infection that causes a rash and flu-like symptoms, commonly seen in children. 
  • It can increase the risk of anemia or miscarriage if contracted during pregnancy, particularly in the first half of the pregnancy.
• Prevention: Wash hands frequently and avoid close contact with individuals who have been diagnosed with Fifth Disease.

6. Listeriosis

• • Listeriosis is a bacterial infection caused by consuming contaminated food. 
  • It can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe illness in newborns.
• Prevention: Avoid unpasteurized dairy products, raw seafood, deli meats, and undercooked meats. Always wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.

7. Toxoplasmosis

• • Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection found in contaminated food, soil, and cat feces.
  • It can cause serious complications such as brain and eye damage in babies if contracted during pregnancy.
• Prevention: Avoid handling cat litter, wear gloves while gardening, and ensure meat is cooked thoroughly before consumption. 

How to Prevent Prenatal Infections

While some infections may be unavoidable, there are some general steps you can take to significantly reduce your risk:

• Get Routine Screenings: Regular prenatal checkups include screenings for infections, allowing for early detection and treatment.
• Practice Safe Sex: Using condoms and undergoing STI testing can help prevent infections that affect pregnancy.
• Stay Up to Date on Vaccinations: Vaccinations such as flu and Tdap help protect both you and your baby from preventable illnesses.
• Maintain Good Hygiene: Frequent handwashing, avoiding sick individuals, and not sharing food or drinks can help lower infection risks.
• Be Cautious with Travel: If traveling to areas with known infection risks, take necessary precautions like wearing insect repellent and protective clothing. 

Remember, staying informed and working closely with your healthcare provider is key to ensuring a healthy pregnancy. At Essex County OB/GYN, we prioritize your well-being and offer comprehensive prenatal screenings and care to keep you and your baby safe. Schedule your next visit with us to learn more about preventing these common prenatal infections. Let’s work together to ensure a safe and healthy pregnancy!